GLOSSARY 153

qawa ; died in Morocco in 1823.
al-‘arif: the knower, the gnostic; see also ma‘rifah.

asma’ dhatiyah: Names of the Essence; these are the Divine
Names where there is no analogy with the creature.

asma’ Sifatiyah: qualitative Names; Names designating Divine
Qualities.

al-‘ayn: the essence, the first determination, the eye, the spring;
al-‘ayn ath-thabitah, or sometimes simply al-‘ayn: the im-
mutable essence, the archetype or the principial possibility
of a being or a thing (plural: al-a‘yan).

‘ayn al-qalb: the eye of the heart, the organ of intellectual
intuition,

baga: subsistence, duration; in Sufism designates the spiritual
state of subsistence beyond all form, that is the state of
reintegration in the Spirit, or even in Pure Being; also
means the Divine Eternity. Its opposite is fang, q. v.

barakah: al-barakah: the blessing, the spiritual influence.
Sheikh al-barakah is a phrase also used of a master who
bears the spiritual influence of the Prophet or who has
realised that spiritual presence, which is only a virtuality
in the case of most initiates.

al-barzakh: the isthmus; symbol of an intermediate state or of
a mediating principle.

batin: inner, hidden; the opposite of zahir, q. v. The * inner
learning” (al-‘ilm al-batin), which means esoteric or Sufic
learning, is distinguished from the *“‘outer learning” (al-‘ilm
az-zahir) of the Doctors of the Law. A/-Batin, *The
Inner,” is one of the Names of God in the Quran.

al-bay‘ah: the pact; in the spiritual order means the rite of
initiation ; in the temporal order, the investiture of a
sovereign.

Al-Biruni, Aba Raihiin: a learned Persian of the tenth century ;
wrote a famous book on the Hindu civilisation. See
Alberuni’s India edited by E. C. Sachau, Trubner’s Oriental
Series.