owned and operated firm, so that the question is whether
the nation as a whole or the workmen in this industry, or
both, should bear the costs of this irregularity and
whether this irregularity is indeed unavoidable;

(iii) cursory examination of the practice of socialist countries

reveals that they all have provision for irregular or non-
permanent employment in industries which are irregular
or seasonal, in accordance with the principle ‘to each ac-
cording to his work’. But it also reveals that in most of
these countries the advantages of a planned economy
have made themselves felt by making regular em-
ployment in the construction industry possible;

(iv) though the examination of practices in other socialist

(v)

systems is of no specific relevance except to indicate
roughly the kinds of benefits that have been deemed
possible elsewhere, it is almost certainly inadvisable for
Tanzania to institute regular pay and employment while
there is only irregular work;

since the regularisation of employment in the industry is
desirable, the industry must be organised so as to provide
regular work — the experience of the socialist countries
is instructive in showing that this is possible;

(vi) an examination of the specific causes which make

irregular employment endemic in the construction in-
dustry in a capitalist context, also leads to an un-
derstanding of how these obstacles can be overcome,
through simple foresight on the part of the contractor
and through the institution of a more effective and com-
prehensive planning mechanism,;

(vii) intermittent stoppages: major causes were the weather

and supply shortages; major remedies were:

(a) a more flexible labour force;

(b) an acceptance and development of higher cost
techniques for limited periods;

(c) better forward planning of supply needs;

(d) a proper system of ordering supplies;

(e) and the ability to ensure that supplier agencies fulfill their
commitments;

(viii) frictional stoppages:

major causes were normal labour mobility and

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