social perspective though it may utilise such resources efficiently
from the perspective of the enterprise. We shall return to this
distinction.

Frictional unemployment stems from two sources; the normal
movement between jobs by the labour force; and the interruptions
faced by contractors between different projects and between dif-
ferent types of work on particular projects. In Tanzania the first of
these factors is relatively unimportant since self-induced labour
mobility is very low, though this could be further reduced through
the establishment of that active and positive co-operation between
union and management which is possible in a socially-owned en-
terprise. Though in such a situation it remains true that some of
the workers’ problems stem from management’s inefficiency, and
vice versa, so that each side must be a constant prod to the other
to improve its performance, yet it is also true that in such a
situation much greater emphasis should be placed on co-operation
by both groups to put pressure on other agencies, whose failure to
plan or to carry out their instructions impair the operation of the
industry. This recognition leads to a re-orientation of the trade
union from the crude capitalist atagonist of management, to that
of a participant along with management in a social enterprise.

Frictional unemployment related to the planning of projects,
both in whole and in part, is the major problem of management
and requires sophisticated production planning techniques. Never-
theless, it is important to remember that management's per-
formance in these respects depends also on the willingness and
ability of other Governmental agencies to plan and organise their
own needs and requirements. Hence the advantages to be derived
from central planning, described in relation to some of the existing
socialist economies, are very real, but they will only be enjoyed if
and when such a planning mechanism works. The question of
regulating employment cannot and should not be divorced from
this need. The labour movement generally and the managers in all
those enterprises that do not involve conflicting private interests
must begin to respond to the planning process. And to assert their
right to demand that other institutions live up to their com-
mitments.

A planned economy can confer enormous benefits on its par-
ticipants, but only if those involved take seriously their own and
other’'s obligations. Regular employment in the construction

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