which accompanied the setting-up of the workers’ councils in
1970; equally striking is the absence of that network of genuine
cadres in parastatal enterprises who might be expected to convert
education more broadly conceived into a full-time preoccupation
of the workers. Maseko's observations concerning the weaknesses
of TANU in the enterprises which he studied are particularly
disturbing in this respect.

At the same time it must be stressed that the changes which we
are discussing have already set in motion processes which are not
so easily controlled by the elite. The role of the worker during the
past two years has been a striking one:

Armed with Mwongozo, the workers appear to have gone beyond the
economism of wage demands (especially since the incomes policy makes
them redundant) and have been paradoxically ‘side-tracked’ into the
more difficult but significant pursuit of workers' control. Their strikes
have been about and against unsympathetic management, lack of con-
sultation, ‘commandism’ at the workplace, the maltreatment of trade
union leaders (or conversely the ineffectiveness of the same leaders).>?

Under such circumstances other important anomalies can be ex-
posed, as, for example Tanzania’s continuing links with im-
perialism. A recent confrontation with management in the Rob-
bialac paints firm forced clearly into the public press the extent to
which the manager considered himself exclusively responsible to
the Nairobi Office rather than to any principles laid down by the
Tanzania government, for example. And there are similar
anomalies within the jointventure world of the parastatal sector it-
self.33 Inevitably some of this progressive spirit must begin to
carry over into the workers’ councils, unleashing creativity and ex-
posing other of those contradictions which continue to charac-
terise the system. It is also under such pressure that many more of
the managerial, pettybourgeois class can be forced to examine
their own practice and, possibly, align themselves more unam-
biguously with popular aspirations. Thus there is significant
promise here, though it is unlikely to be realised easily or without
some degree of tension. In addition, further institutional and
political creativity will almost certainly be required in order to
fully confirm that promise. But for our purposes a crucial point is
again made cléar: it is in the broader context of the Tanzania
system as a whole that many of the vital keys to increasingly

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