organisations et cetera are instruments for implemeting the Party’s
policies. Our short independence history reveals problems that
might arise when a party does not guide its instruments. The time
has now come for the Party to take the reins and lead all mass ac-
tivities. 4% More specifically, Mwongozo states that: The conduct and
activities of the parastatals must be looked into to ensure that they
help further our policy of socialism and self-reliance. The activities
of the parastatals should be a source of satisfaction and not
discontent. The Party must ensure that the parastatals do not
spend money extravagantly on items which do not contribute to
the development of the national economy as a whole.

And, finally, we might take note of an item which appeared in
the Tanzdnian press later in the same year, which concluded that
‘TANU used to extend its grip on the economic affairs and run-
ning of the various Government institutions and other
organisations, now that the economic affairs sub-committee of the
TANU Central Committee has vigorously begun its task it was
charged with when it was established in 1969°.43

Here might seem to be emerging precisely that input which we
have seen to be lacking in the parastatal sector then a con-
cretisation of the socialist ideology into specific strategic directives
(or, at the very least, and informed and constant political pressure
upon the bureaucrats to come up with just directives themselves).
Under such circumstances one might expect the perimeters of
parastatal choice to be meaningfully narrowed and defined and the
new network of checks and controls upon the parastatals within
the overall bureaucratic system (which we have seen to be
emerging in Section II) to be at last provided with its strategic
raison d'etre. Yet the weaknesses of the Party, noted in Section I,
also remain a crucial reality; Mwongozo, for all its vigour and in-
sight, has not conjured them away.

Thus all party functionaries are not drawn exclusively from the
progressive wing of the petty-bourgeoisie; in their day-to-day ac-
tivities many party men are no more ‘red’ than their civil-service
counterparts. And, equally important, the party is almost certainly
much less ‘expert’ than the bureaucracy. In fact, TANU has been
systematically starved of high-level manpower of its own who
might be expected to help close such a gap, and facilitate the
necessary marriage of ‘redness’ and ‘expertise’ within the party it-
self. Add to this the fact that Tanzanian ideological formulations

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