Vle CONG. INTERN. REPROD. ANIM. INSEM. ARTIF., PARIS, 1968, VOL. II

stimulus necessary for ejaculation in different deer,
but most of the deer ejaculated in the range of 500-
750 milliamps. The ejaculate consisted of a homogeneous
alloquat rather than being fractionated as is the
case in semen obtained from electro-ejaculation of
bovine.

To help maintain constant temperature and prevent
"cold shock," a collection apparatus was devised
which consisted of a test tube and rubber cone enclosed
within a plastic container holding warm water. Evaluation
of motility and concentration of semen was carried
out under field conditions by the use of a heated
portable Tlaboratory. Motility varied but corresponded
with that observed in ram semen. Concentration also
corresponded to that observed in ram semen. Attempts
to use eosin-nigrosin for 1live-dead determination were
inconsistent.

Morphological studies were performed at 400x
using both eosin-nigrosin and pinacyanolchloride
stain. Although most cells resembled normal mature
bovine spermatozoa, there were present what would
be considered pathologic spermatozoa if likened to
those of bovine. 7 Among these deviations were the
presence of enlarged and malformed midpieces and abaxial
midpieces. Also present were tapered heads and pointed
heads indicating abnormal spermatogenesis. Also seen
were proximal protoplasmic droplets, reversed tails,
and distally coiled tails. The above abnormalities
are associated in many species with faulty maturation
of spermatozoa. Further study is needed to determine
if the presence of these cells are a result of seasonal
testicular alterations, pathological changes, or
are in fact normally present in potentially satisfactory
breeding deer in the height of the breeding season.

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