NOTES 335

:4: Aqua mulsa (hydromel) was of two kinds, described by Pliny
XXII. 110; i. e. 1) fresh—made, of despumated (clarified) honey,
€good for patients on a light diet"; 2) snweferata, "that has been
kept for a long time". He often recommends aqua mulsa as an
ingredient, and describes absurdly its efficacy in curing defects of
temper etc. Meunier, though his Latin text reads æmu/sa, trans—
lates as though he read mua, ''ajouter beaucoup d'eau'.

142 For caries in this now obsolete sense of 'small ulcers?, see p. 137.
A synonym in use in the 16th cent. was 'caroli', a term used by
Vigo; he says they are observed in the case of young people. Fournier,
in a note to Vigo, says p. 87: 'Les lösions dont il est question . . .
sous le nom de caroli r&pondent vraisemblablement ä ce que nous
appelons aujourd'hui la 'balano—posthite €Grosive'. Ce terme de
(caroli' n'avait pas de signification bien pröecise. On 1';employait
ecomme synonyme de 'pustulae venereae' ou de 'caries pudendorum',
autres dünominations mal däfinies.^ — Vigo gives a prescription for a&
liniment of which the main ingredient is oil of roses; also presecribes
frequent bathing with a wash which contains 2 oz. of rose water. I£
the caroli persist they should be cauterised with Vigo's own Pulvis
carnis swperfluae remotivwus, 'powder for  removing superfluous
flesh'. Vigo boasts that this is ^the king of caustics", and has
brought him great honor and profit. See Fournier, Translafion et
Commentaires de Jean de Vigo, Le Mal Francais, Paris, 1872.

14 For this ointment see p. 275.

144 This early method of digestion and evacuation of the humors
is ridiculed by Fournier, Transïa&äon of VWugo, note XX. He says
there are two reasons why such enlightened and experienced men
as Vigo recommended for syphilis treatment entirely inefficacious
and often observed by them to have failed. 'They followed tradi—
tion and beliefs which were considered the rational basis of all
therapy. Moreover, when such treatment was apparently success—
ful, they failed to allow for the natura!l course of the disease, nor
did they realise that the accidental symptoms of syphilis are sus—
ceptibles d/une disparition spontan6e . . . sans le secours d'aucun
traitement" (p. 111).

ï44 Dioseurides identifies p»rasium  with marrubium. In the
Gart der Gesundheit, Mainz, 1485, Marrubium album is identified
with prastum, but the prasïum majus of Linnaeus is a different
Labiata from marruwbium album »Wgare, commonly ealled hore—
hound.

146 The modern Befonica officinalis (Labiata) is used by herbalists
for asthma, jaundice etc.; the root is bitter, aromatic.  Pliny often
recommends VWetWonicae farina, powder of the dried leaves, and
says XXV. 84 that to have betony wine and vinegar in the house
is said to make it safe from all misfortunes.

ï47 Assyrian amomum is mentioned by Virgil, Eclogwe 4. 25;
Pliny XII. 48 says that it comes from India, Armenia, etc.; it was
an aromatic shrub from which a balsam was made. Dioscurides