330 NOTES

in Proceedings of ihe Classical Associalion, 1929, says that Virgil
and Ovid mean marjoram, *'and it is so depicted in the Vienna
Dioscurides. / Martia!s casia which was burnt for incense was the
Semitic name for a sort of cinnamon brought from India. Early
commentators mix up the poisonous Italian spurge laurel (a sort
of Daphne) with both of these, and Pliny mentions them all three.'
Dioscurides I. 13 says there are several kinds of «kacc(a in Arabia,
and that one is called daphniZis. See Pliny XII. 82, 85 foll.  Here
Fracastorius certainly means an aromatie bark, like Cinnamon,
described by Theophrastus IX. 5. 3.

9$ For diascordium see p. 249.

»4 For Sudor Anglicus see Book II. Ch. 5.

»s Ozycras (Greek ö560s, sharp, «p&c««s, mixture), is &a mixture of
vinegar and water.

96 Panicum Italicum, länn. 'The word is derived from panus
(through dim. panicula, & tuft or panicle, used also of & tumor by
8cribonius). 'Italian panic—grass' is described by Pliny XVIII. 53.

s:QCondrilla or chondrilla, is described by Pliny XXII. 91, as
condrion sive chondry/lle: he gives chondrylla in a list of herbs that
grow in Egypt, XXI. 89. It is said to derive its name from the
fact that its bitter juice is granulated (Greek xöröpos, grain).
Dioscurides II. 133 gives two kinds; Theophrastus VII. 7, calls it a
pot—herb, identified by Hort as Chondrilla juncea.

95 Scarifying , before cupping, was common.

»* Faenum (less correctly fenum, incorrectly foenum) Graecum,
'Greek hay', fenugreek, is described by Pliny XXIV. 184 foll., who
recommends a meal made of its seeds for many skin affections and
for panus (tumor), parotis, and gout in the feet and hands.

ïooc This may be Althaea officinalis, Malvacea, the leaves of which,
before flowering, are used now externally, the root internally as
powder, decoction and syrup; a kind of mallow; see Pliny XX. 222,
229; Theophrastus IX. 15. 5.

ïo: ()popanax, often wrongly spelt opoponaæz, is the juice of the
herb panax, Theophrastus IX. 15. 7; Pliny XX. 264; and passim for
many varieties of panax, 'all—heal', regarded as a universal remedy.

ïo: DiachJlon (Greek 5&, with, xvXAös, juice) or emplastrum
diachylon, & plaster said to have been invented by Menecrates, the
Greek physician of the time of Tiberius; made of the juices of plants;
see Galen VII. 9. "*Emollient and digestive", says R. James in
the 18th cent.  The modern diachylon plaster is made with litharge,
olive oil and water, on linen.

ïos Diachalcitis (Qreek 6,&, with). Dioscurides V. 99 gives chal—
citis as a styptic etc., used for erysipelas, herpes etc.  The emplas—
trum diachalciteos of Galen was also called 'diapalma'. For the
properties and preparation of chalcitis, see Pliny XXXIV. 118 foll.
Mundella, Epistfolae, says that chalcitis and chalcanthus have the
same qualities.  R. James says that ^it is accounted a species of