DBook II CUTANEOUS INFECTIONS 181

than phlyctenae; they contain both pituita and thin, black bile.
Phlyctenae, however, are formed from a less composite pituita,
slightly inflamed, which is why it rises into a bubble. / More—
over, from salty pituita come what are commonly called 'yol—
aticae' (flying eruptions). Celsus calls them papulae,?* the
Greeks lichen. However, certain writers translate lichen by
impetigo, which I believe to be incorrect. For what we call
*volaticae' is evidently what OCelsus means by papulae, as we
may conclude from its substance and its method of creeping, as
recorded by him. 'There are two types of this affection; one is
made of thin, salty pituita, and creeps over the outer skin in a
circle, as is indicated by the word 'flying'; the other kind has a
slight admixture of black bile, and creeps in somewhat deeper,
does not work exaectly in a circle, and often developes into im—
petigo. I am well aware that the term lichen has sometimes
been used by the Greeks in a wider sense for a foul condition of
the skin, hence & poet calls it foul lichen'.?5  Pliny?* himself
called lichen a new disease which appeared in the time of Pom—
pery, as did mentagra.

All these are due to salty pituita that putrefies and contains
a certain admixture of black bile, which produces foul putre—
faction. Scabies also is generated from salty pituita; but I
do not find in Greek writers a general term for scabies, strictly
speaking; for the word psora with them either means what we
call impetigo, namely an affection of the black bile which may
lead to leprosy; or, if they do use it to signify scabies, they cer—
tainly mean only that kind which is called 'dry scabies!'.  So
it seems that the Greeks either did not write about scabies under
a general name, or did not discuss it at all, unless perhaps they
ineluded it under the heading of pruritus. 'There are other af—
fections also due to pituita, namely achores, alopecia and syphi—
lis. Achores we commonly call latume,?? but Pliny translates
it "running ulcers on the head"; the Arabians call it saphati.**
These are crusty, foul infections of the head which break out
on children especially, and I need not say much about them
here.

But if the humor that produces a swelling on the skin is black
bile, which has not however become inflamed or putrescent, it
causes black bile scirrhi, some large, others small and only pustu—
lent.  But when inflamed and fiery, not putrescent, it causes what
is called cancer.  When putrescent but not inflamed, it generates