918 THE COLLIERY GUARDIAN. May 1‘2, 1916. the same time, or the centrifugal force may, as in a governor, be transmitted .by a rod, and additional loading can be effected by stationary weights or springs. For small machines, it is necessary to be satisfied with a constant pressure for unloading or compensating; and constant sources of pressure can always be tapped at one point of the machine. For instance, in using it as a compressor, the pressure in the working cells, which rotate in the direction from 1 to 2, as shown by the arrow, always rises steadily until the cells have reached the point at which the exhaust begins. In the fixed part of the machine, therefore, an intermediate pressure of compression Can be tapped, which is always equal, so long as the point of tapping is before the beginning of the exhaust port. Accordingly, the pressure chamber at 1 (fig. 1) is made abundantly large, and the channel g for the compensating pressure is tapped at an intermediate point. In the case of a vacuum pump, the compression has not always an even pig. i. F'sr-2- ,s |O|—c course, because the in-draught pressure-is generally different. On the other hand, the pressure at the outlet is almost always even, so that the channel for compensating pressure can be tapped at a point lying behind 2 in the back expansion zone, and this pressure can be led into a compensating chamber located at either 1 or at 2. Fig. 3 illustrates the process of unloading, or compensating pressure in a diagram. The rotating ring e is laterally developed, and the inner side of the ring is supposed to be directed upward. In the course of the compression which begins at 1, the compensating pressure is tapped at the point A, and the pressure which obtains there is led into the compensating chamber which extends from B to C. In the remainder of the ring the unloading is effected by a compensating channel in the known way. The difference of the pressure lines on the upper and lower sides of the diagram shows that an addi- tional force is generated in the direction from 1 to 2 in fig. 1 to compensate the unbalanced action of the centrifugal forces acting from 2 towards 1. (Five claims.) MEW PATENTS CONNECTED WITH THE COAL AND IRON TRADES. Applications for Patents. [Note.—Applications arranged alphabetically under the names of the applicants (communicators given in italics). A new number will be given on acceptance, which will replace the application number.] Anslow, P. T. (6533). Automatic couplings for railway rolling stock. Arbuthnot, E. H. (6423). Steam valves. Baertsoen, J. A. (6207). Two-stroke internal combustion engines. Balfour, J. F. (6537). Appliances for shaft sinking or boring and tunnelling. Beardmore, Sir W., and Bullinger, T. C. W. (6480). Valve mechanism and associated parts of internal combustion engines. Black, S. D. (6345). Air compressors. Boult, A. J., (6387). Internal combustion engines. Bretherton, F. J., and Clayton and Shuttleworth (6395). Steam engine governors. British Coke Ovens Limited, and Schuster, F. M. N. (6512). Regenerative coke ovens. Brown, H. (6388). Steam generators. Brown, H. (6389). Superheating steam. Brown, H. (6390). Supplying and distributing steam to multiple expansion engines. California Valve and Air Brake Company (6497). Air brake apparatus. Chaffin, H. C. (6423). Steam valves. Christopher, J. E. (6247). Apparatus for washing benzol, toluol, naphtha, etc. Chryst, W. A. (6405). Systems of electrical generation. Chryst, W. A. (6407). Engine starting systems. Cole, J. H. (6225). Apparatus for cleaning metal plates. Coles, G. J. (6290). Haulage clip. Connolly, J. B. and T. A. (6348). Rotary engines. Crossley, Sir K. I. (6445). Internal combustion oil engines. Crossley, Sir K. I. (6446). Internal combustion engines. Davidson, J. (6458). Internal combustion engines. Decker, A. G-. (6345). Air compressors. Dehn, F. B. (Clipper Belt Lacer Company) (6493). Belt hooks. Dehn, F. B. (Schofield, G. L.) (6297). Rotary valve for internal combustion engines. Deighton’s Patent Flue and Tube Company, and Lewin, W. J. (6205). Mechanism for operating brakes of steam motor wagons. Diamond, W. (6331). Admission of secondary air into com- bustion flues of coke ovens. Dinsley, A. (6531). ‘ Lubricant, and process for making same. Dunlee, J. (6549). Means for loading, transporting, and discharging fragmentary, etc., material. Fletcher, S. R. (6518). Indicating and recording instru- ments. Frye, el. S. (6424). Levelling and adjusting means. Gibbons Brothers, and Masters, R. (6176). Pot furnaces for melting metals. Grabill, J. F. (6423). Steam valves. Grange Iron Company, and Hoyle, H. P. (6222). Settling tanks for recovery of solids held in suspension in the water delivered from coal washing apparatus, etc. Grange Iron Company, and Hoyle, H. P. (6223). Apparatus for washing coal, etc., and for separating it from its impurities. Grbnkwiist, O. R. (6266). Means for injecting liquid fuel and other liquids into explosion motors, furnaces, etc. Hall, I. (6377). Metal melting furnaces. Hall, I. (6452). Oil fired furnaces, gas fired furnaces, etc. Harbord, K. (6519). Fastener for leather or like link belting. Henkle, F. A. (6435). Internal-combustion engines. Hooper and Weyman (6331). Admission of secondary air into combustion flues of coke ovens. - Howard, J. W. (6467). Dynamo-electric machines. Industrial Appliances Limited (6514). Regulating valve for force feed lubricators. Jones, D. (6211). Means for locking nuts to bolts. Jung, A. J. (6501). Internal combustion or explosion engines or motors. Kettering, C. F. (6406). Ignition systems. Kettering, C. F. (6407). Engine starting systems. Lehmann, J. (6439). Gas furnaces. Lewers, W. H. (6385). Steam superheaters. London Electric Supply Corporation, and Fox, A. G. (6393). Automatic chain grate, etc., stokers. Lord, A. H. (6529). Engine for utilising force of steam. Lozinski, C. (6354)'. Internal combustion engines. McKechnie, J., and Rabbige, W. F. (6507). Engine turning- gear. Morris, A. D. (6425). Metallic packings for piston, etc., tods. Nettle, W. E. (6550). Rock drilling machines. Pardee, F. (6359). Spiral separators. Phelps, C. (6486). Internal combustion engines. Prewett, C. G. (6282). Draught appliances for motor tractors. Prioleau, W. L. St. J. (6295). Apparatus for treating peat. Selson Engineering Company, and Goodwin, H. (6265). Automatic reversible rotary pump. Smedley, F. I., and Wright, A. L. (6528). Pit tubs. Steven, H. (6545). Valveless apparatus comprising pistons having alternating rectilinear motion for drawing and delivering fluids. Stokes, C. L. (6213). Apparatus operated by engine suction for feeding liquid fuel and lubricating oil to internal combustion engines. Svenska Turbinfabriks Aktiebolaget Ljungstrom (6422). Radial flow turbines. Taylor, P. B. (6504). Coating metal plates with tin, terne, or other metal or alloy. Thom, R. A. (6514). Regulating valve for force-feed lubri- cators. Thomas, T. (6238). Miners’ electric safety lamps. Thomas, T. (6519). Fastener for leather or like link belting. Urquhart, H. N. (6201). Indicating pressures, depths of water, etc. Vickers Limited (6507). Engine turning gear. Waldron, N. B. (6401). Centrifugal pumps. Webb, W. Le P. (6445). Internal combustion oil engines. Webb, W. Le P. (6446). Internal combustion engines. Wheddon, A. L. (6251). Control devices for winding engines, etc., Whitfield, C. (6534). Carbonising peat, etc., and simul- taneously obtaining distillates therefrom. Wrighton, W. J. (6356). Method of heat treatment. Zweigbergk, G. von (6231). Variable speed gear trains for transmission of power. Complete Specifications Accepted. 1914. 21159. Reciprocating pumps. Mayer. 1915. 1594. Cracking of oils. Hall. 1605. Construction of internal combustion engines. Vickers Limited, and McKechnie. 3520. Electric signalling. International Electric Company, Roose, and Le Noir. 4980. Manufacture of artificial or patent fuel. Yeo and Goskar. 5828. Steam generators. Mitchell. 6062. Steel alloys. La Roche. 6206. Fire boxes for locomotives and the like. Ducas. 6285. Manufacture of oil gas. Hollandsche Residugas Maatschappij Systeem Rincker-Wolter. 6289. Steam boilers. Biglow. 6297. Fluid pressure controlling systems for machines or engines. Herr. 6429. Means for washing smoke and fumes from furnace or boiler flues. Shaw and Lowrison. 6450. Process for preparing intermediate products from hydrocarbon and other distillates. Lewis. 6596. Centrifugal compressors. Akt.-Ges. Brown, Boveri et Cie. 6601. Railway and like signalling. (Cognate Application, 7650/15). W. R. Sykes, Interlocking Signal Company. 6613. Apparatus for distilling shale or coal for the produc- tion of oil or illuminating gas. Fell. 6681. Rotary suction and compression pump or blower. Thoreau. 6686. Railway and like rail joints. Hill. 6933. Boiler feedw.ater heaters. Knorr-Bremse Akt.-Ges., and Vielmetter. 7175. Pistons, piston valves, and the like. .Campbell and Banks. 7629. Valves. Newington and Wills. 8158. Valves for use in connection with pumps and for like purposes. Worthington Pump Company, and Churcher. 8734. Hoisting gear. Carter and Thomason. 8902. Apparatus for forming boreholes in soft and loose sand or other loose and soft strata. Hanssens. 9445. Gas engines. Gifford and Holmes. f 9906. Rotary engines. Schmied. 10011. Valve and similar operating mechanism for internal combustion engines. Sunbeam Motor-Car Com- pany, Coatalen, and Stevens. 11359. Steam generators. Anderson. 11929. Stop valves. Cockburns Limited, Cockburn, and Macnicoll. 12255. Means for actuating shaking chute conveyors. Lind- hurst. 12399. Internal combustion engines. Chorlton. 13375. Process of making ore or fuel briquettes or the like. Bibb. 16289. Chains of coal-cuffing machines for carrying the picks or cutters. McDermott and Wood. 1916. [Note.—The numbers following the applications are those which the specifications will finally bear.] Jones, T. G., Cross, E. G., and Jones, D. J. Miners’ picks. 100331 Weir Limited, G. and J., and Lang, C. R. Steam turbines. 100338 ALIEN PATENTS. The foilowing list of patents granted to German and Austrian subjects is specially compiled for this paper by Messrs. Hughes and Young Limited, patent agents, 56, Chancery-lane, London, W.C., who will give any further- information that may be required :— 100123'. Schmidt’sche Heissdampf Ges. Steam superheaters. 100130. H. Anschutz-Kaemfe. Borehole apparatus. 100156. Signal Ges. Telephones. 100158. F. Kleinschmidt. Fuel; mixing apparatus. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS. *k*Any of the following publications may be obtained on application at this office at the price named post free. Military Service Bill, l|d. Statutory Rules and Orders, 1916 : No. 258, Trading with the Enemy, Statutory List Proclamation, l|d. Foreign Trade and Commerce Accounts up to April 29, 1916, 5d. Customs Forms : Nos. 64 and 104, lid. per quire. Accounts of Trade and Navigation for April 1916, Is. lid. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. The Oil and Petroleum Manual, 1916. By W. R. Skinner. London :. W. R. Skinner. Price 2s. fid. net. The Mechanical Handling and Storing of Material. By G. F. Zimmer. London : Crosby Lockwood and Son. Price 42s. net. “ Extraction and Recovery of Radium, Uranium, and Vana- dium from Carnotite,” by C. L. Parsons and others (Bulletin 104, Department of the Interior, United States Bureau of Mines); “Cassler’s Engineering Monthly” (Vol. 49, No. 5), May, price Is. ; “ The Geological Magazine,” May, price 2s. net; “ The Journal of the South African Institu- tion of Engineers ” Wol. 14, No-. 9), April; “ The Journal of the Chemical, Metallurgical, and Mining Society of South Africa ” (Vol. 16, No. 8), March; “ Vulcan ” (Vol. 12, No. 142), May; “Journal of the American Peat Society ” (Vol. 9, No. 2), April; “ The Employees’ Maga- zine of the Lehigh Valley Coal Company,” April; “ The Journal of the Society of Architects ” (Vol. 9, No. 103), May. Coal in Iceland. — According to a published report, a powerful syndicate has been formed in Copenhagen for the working of coal mines in Iceland. The position of the new coal fields which will be opened first is south of Patrick’s Fjord, near the so-called steel rocks, where, it is stated, a rich reef has been found near a branch of the sea which is ice-free, making export possible all the year round. Research and the Steel Trade.—At the meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Prof. Arnold read a paper on the cutting efficiencies of tool steels. Sir Robert Hadfield .said that he offered a prize in this country and a similar one in America for research work on the condition of carbides in steels, but except Prof. Arnold there had not been a single competitor. His offer was still open. The following grants were announced to have been made under the Carnegie Research Fund :—W. C. Hancock, of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, £100, to carry out an investigation on refractory materials with special reference to bricks for coke oven and furnace construction; J. L. Haughton (Birmingham) and D. Hanson (Liverpool), of the National Physical Laboratory, £100, jointly to enable them to study the constitution of the non phosphorus-carbon systems ; F. Ibbotson (Sheffield Univer- sity), £50 for the study of molecular constitution of high- speed steel; J. H. Whiteley, £50 in aid of a research on the Eggertz colour test; P. Saldan, assistant to Prof. Kurnakov, Petrograd, £50 to carry out a research on the determination of the critical points in iron and steel by means of measuring the electrical resistance. Italy and Coal Freights.—A contributor to The Times, in referring to the shortage of tonnage, states that the Italian mercantile marine, even in time of peace, carries only about 20 per cent, of her oversea trade. Italy produces no coal proper, but there are small deposits of anthracite, lignite, and bituminous schist, which in 1913 yielded 701,000 tons. Italy’s total consumption of “ fossil combustibles ” in that year was 11,366,000 tons, so that her own resources supplied only a little over 6 per cent, of her requirements, measured in tonnage. When the calorific value is taken into the reckoning, the worth of this small production sinks still lower. During 1915, owing to the enormous price of coal, increased attention was paid to the lignite deposits, and the total yield exceeded 1,000,000 tons. But this proportion is still insigni- ficant. For industries, power stations, and transport, Italy’s annual fuel consumption is 10,500,000 tons, and her average requirements of coal from oversea are not less than 10,000,000 tons. The Ministry of Marine, the Munitions Department of the Ministry of War, and the State Railways require between them close upon 350,000 tons of coal per month. Before the war coal freights between British and Italian ports averaged about 7s. fid. per ton. They are now approaching £5 per ton (120 lire gold or 150 lire paper). The exchange aggra- vates the cost by 25 per cent., but by far the most ruinous item in the bill is the cost of carriage between port and port. The price of coal at Genoa to-day is over £8 a ton, or about six times the pre-war rate, and just under 65 per cent, of this increase is due to the rise in freights. The actual per- centages of the total price represented by the factors which go to make it up are, roughly, as follow :—Cost of coal in England (gold), 15 per cent.; freight (gold), 60 per cent.; exchange, 19 per cent.; margin (insurance, etc.), 6 per cent. After pointing out the magnitude of other imports, the writer of the article fails to suggest any remedy for the state of affairs. His only conclusion is that the Italian and British Governments should make statements about the matter.