578

THE COLLIERY GtTABDlAN.

September 11 1914.

in Germany as a kind of escape valve, it would be a
great mistake to apply this explanation to the whole of
the German export trade in coal.

The following table shows the imports of coal into
Germany (1,000 tons):—

Year.	Great Britain.			Other countries. •	Total.
1885 .	..	1,516	...	363 ...	56 .	441 ...	2,376
1890 .	..	3,211	...	533 ...	329 .	92 ...	4,165
1895 .	..	3,973	554 ...	508 .	82 ...	5,117
1900 .	..	6,033	...	556 ...	617 .	178 ...	7,384
1901 .	..	5,2< 6	...	484 ...	458 .	149 ...	6,297
1902 .	..	5,192	...	542 ...	496 .	196 ...	6,426
1903 .	..	5,394	...	614 ...	535 .	224 ...	6,767
’ 1904 .	..	5,808	...	634 ...	637 .	220 ...	7,299
1905 .	..	7,483	...	690 ...	935 .	292 ...	9,400
1906 .	..	7,601	...	818 ...	541 .	294 ...	9,254
19«»7 .	.. 11,952	...	793 ...	600 .	377 ...	13,722
1908 .	.. 10,057	...	711 ...	478	416 ...	11,662
1909 .	.. 10,498	...	656 ...	547 .	498 ...	12,199
1910 .	..	9,653	...	571 ...	499 .	473 ...	11,196
1911 .	..	9,423	...	523 ...	434 .	534 ...	10,914
1912 .	..	8,98 s	...	475 ...	384 .	533 ...	10.380
1913 .	..	9,210	...	493 ...	315 .	522 ...	10,510
Table A shows the imports			of British coal at		various
German ports.					
The free port of Hamburg has always been a					battle-

Table A.

	1902.	1903.	1904.	1906.	1907.	1908.	1909.	1910.	1911.	1912.	1913.
Ba tic ports—	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	1 ons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	To i s.
Memel		81,913	79,991	83,469	95,887	110,689	’	155,034	182,670	169,545	152,679	141,356	174,020
Konigsberg-											
Pillau 		298,839	370,425	326,291	359,492	486,467	460,412	471,385	455,827	391,189	295,001	234,984
Danzig-Neu-											
fahrwasser ...	223,691	220,122	262,711	303,847	462,984	343,644	304,305	251,547	220,233	147,55’	138,790
Stettin-											
Swinemunde Kratzwieck-	762,073	698,888	1,049,739	962,996	341,058	1,180,408	1,208,585	901,720	1,491,207	637,911	528,857
Stolzenhagen	97,038	96,285	112,500	189,008	211,450	195,695	169,637	140,315	118,86t	139,716	470,129
Rostock-											
Warnemunde	133,790	125,809	139,397	142,564	160,080	152,250	143,898	133,806	138,883	89,065	96,280
Wismar 		102,338	83,20.	103,515	110,115	131,316	125,504	135,768	117,632	124,515	133,099	119,127
Liibt ck-											
Travemiinde	120,666	120,664	114,873	122.618	206,422	242,696	185,183	163,864	159,175	124/91	120,315
Kiel-											
Neumuhlen...	296,469	286,844	293,709	360,551	421,661	369,362	341,470	342,662	374,417	327,400	276,108
Flensburg 		164,116	159,233	171,283	155,826	176,330	176,410	191,419	187,627	212,40(	226,815	200,663
vzullv>l -DcX.LLlV ports 		167,256	186,2*0	177,802	194,303	225,465	289,631	217,143	259,230	211,017	189,881	240,511
Total 	  North Seaports-	2,448,189	2,427,747	2,835,289	2,997,207	3,963,922	3,691,046	3,551,463	3,’23,802	3,594,583	2,451,880	2,599,784
Tonning 	  Rendsburg-	50,214	49,286	50,482	52,689	65,099	53,913	49,574	46,057	54,639	48,841	39,886
Audorf		99,640	134,166	55,956	145,700	143,284	139,083	97,935	94,465	100,518	106,711	118,400
Brunsbiittel-											
koog 		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	. 82,278	79,990	60,617
Hamburg-											
Altona 		2,218,318	2,443,203	2,354,363	3,301,803	5,256,881	4,988,932	5,302,96--	4,764,320	4,057,768	4,684,848	4,722,329
Harburg 		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	330,178	520,494	780,823	912,440
Bremen-											
Bremerhaven	145,651	107,400	127,131	212,450	254,154	223,903	227,080	281,545	276,230	233,720	256,355
Other North											
Sea ports		185,840	189,285	226,535	253,416	;	513,642	377,800	440,589	230,758	134,579	114,355	126,373
Total 	  Inland  harbours—	2,699,663	2,923,340	2,814,467	3,977,657	i 6,222,869	5,783,631	6,118,143	5,747,323	5,226,536	6,049,288	6,236,400
											
Emmerich 		26,381	27,673	125,121	525,005	1,658,526	525,468	766,928	676,497	538,442	425,503	302,292
Other inland											
harbours 		17,636	14,404	32,377	67,454	85,797	49,809	58,692	102,695	51,069	57,778	61,839
Total 		44,017	42,077	157,498	592,459	1,744,323	575,277	825,620	779,192	589,511	483,281	364,131
Grand total ...	5,191,869j 5,393,164		5,807,254	7,567,323	11,931,114	10,049,954	10,495,226	9,650,317	9,410,630	8,984,455	9,200,315

Table B.

	1909.	1910.	1911.	1912.	1913.
Coal, coke and briquettes : -	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.
English 		1,489,008	1,416,680	1,411,944	1,426,434	1,654,466
Westphalian 		514,607	467,662	414,585	478,758	530,650
Saxon 		17,128	10,735	39.002	69,309	22,923
Upper Silesian 		1,938,732	1,835,675	1,628,555	2,516,248	1,982,091
Lower Silesian 		234,137	258,385	275,598	335,276	347,633
. Total		4,173,612	3,989,137	3,769,684	4,8 6,025	4,537,763
Lignite a nd lignite briquettes 						1,977,214	1,754,987	1,949,493	2,184,710	2,180,178

ground between British and German coals. The
following table shows the quantities delivered from
Great Britain and Westphalia over a long term of
years :—

Imports of Coal into Hamburg (£000 tons).

Percentage

	Rhenish-	/					—	1	- fl 	s ■
Year.	West- phalian.	English.	Total.	Rhenish- West- phalian.	English.
1895 ,	... 1,298 .	.. 1,664 ...	2,962	... 43-8	... 56’2
190) .	... 1,598 .	.. 2,991 ...	4,590	... 34-8	.. 65’2
1901	... 1,724 ..	.. 2,666 ...	4,390	... 39-3	... 60’7
1902	... 1,774 ..	.. 2,772 ...	4,546	... 390	... 61’0
1903 .	... 1,874 ..	.. 3,055 ...	4,929	... 38’0	... 62’0
1904	... 1,981 ..	.. 2,908 ...	4,889	... 41’0	... 59’0
1905 .	... 1,975 ..	.. 3,550 ...	5,525	... 35’7	... 64’3
1906	... 2,317 ..	. 3,753 ...	6,070	... 38’2	... 61’8
1907 .	... 2,457 ..	.. 4,960 ...	7,417	... 33’1	... 66’9
1908 .	... 2,894 ..	.. 4,948 ...	7,812	... 36’9	...	63’1
1909	... 2,716 ..	.. 5,242 ...	7,858	... 34T	... 65’9
1910	... 3,198 .	.. 5,202 ...	8,400	... 381	...	61’9
1911	... 3,235 ..	.. 4,738 ...	7,972	... 40’6	... 59’4
1912	... 3,370 ..	.. 5,428 ...	8,797	... 38’3	... 61’7
1913	... 3,719 .	.. 5,862 ...	9,580	... 38’8	... 61’2

One of our principal markets in Germany has been
Berlin. The Upper Silesian coal owners lament the
fact in their last report that in 1913 1,656,466 tons of
British coals entered the Berlin district, the bulk of
which were gas coals. Notwithstanding the advantages
afforded in the shape of reduced railway rates, the
amount of Upper Silesian coal imported into Berlin in
1913 declined by 534,157 tons. For the present year

the Beilin Gasworks, whose annual consumption
approximates 1,000,000 tons, covered their needs almost
exclusively in England, only 100,000 tons being allotted
to Upper Silesia, as against 300,000 tons in 1913. It
may be added that in 1899 the imports of British gas
coals into Berlin totalled no more than 143,000 tons.

The consumption of coal in Greater Berlin is shown
in Table B.

The total imports of coal in Bremen in 1912 amounted
to 1,532,000 tons, of which 1,271,000 tons were German
coal. A small quantity of Welsh anthracite has even
found its way into Alsace-Lorraine, where it commands
a price of about £2 per ton.

It is, of course, useless to discuss the prospects of the
German market in the future.

Although no definite statement can be made, it
appears that the bulk of the fuel consumed in the
German navy is of native production. The following
shows the credits appearing in the Budget during the
last three years :—

German	Foreign	Total

Year.	coal.	c<al.	consumption.

Marks.	Marks.	Marks.

1911 ...	... 13,782,860 ...	... 4,922,000 ...	... 18,704,860
1912 ...	... 15,499,916 ...	... 4,970,000 ...	... 20,469,916
1913 . ...	... 17,980,000 ...	... 4,755,000 ...	... 22,735,000

Increasing quantities of Rhenish-Westphalian coal have
been delivered to the German navy in recent years, as
will be seen from the following table

Year.	Coal.	Coke.	Briquettes.	Total*
	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.
1904 ...	... 305,480 ...	—	—	.. 305,480
1905 ...	... 338,025 ...	... 3,490	575 		.. 343,028
1906 ...	... 490,617 ...	... 4,567	10 		.. 496,481
1907 ...	... 507,062 ...	... 4,448	230 		.. 512,977
1908 ...	... 577,802 ...	... 7,882		 5,990 ....	.. 593,418
1909 ...		... 7,275		 6,627 ....	.. 560,984
1910 ...	.. 565,040 ...	... 8,315		 4,525 ....	.. 579,863
1911 ...	... 701,835 ...	... 8,570		 6,290 ....	.. 718,609

* Cokes and briquettes reckoned as coal.

The bulk of the foreign coal consumed is taken up at
foreign coaling stations, and the extensive establishment
of these stations by the Syndicate has been largely
responsible for the growing use of native coals by the
navy.

The development of Germany's oversea trade has
been very cleverly organised. The Kontor has established
depots at Hamburg, Teneriff, Port Said, Algiers, Naples,
Marseilles, Genoa, Malta, Colombo, Lisbon, Madeira,
Montevideo, Buenos Ayres and Rosario, and has char-
tering agencies at Hamburg, Emden, Rotterdam,
Cardiff, London and Newcastle. There are agencies,
no doubt, at other places. Thus. Mr. Hugo Stinnes,
who is one of the largest components in the Kontor.
in addition to being largely interested in. the new
Harwoith Colliery in South Yorkshire, has opened
branches at Newcastle, Cardiff, Swansea, Glasgow, Hull,

and Port Talbot, and at many other foreign ports
besides. He recently purchased, it is said, the Heraclea
Colliery in Turkey. These agencies deal in British and
German coal indifferently; thus the Kohlen depot at
Teneriffe has sold Welsh coal principally, and a stiff
fight recently took place for the bunkering trade in the
Canaries, between the British and German agencies.
In Syria and Palestine German competition has been
growing keener every year since six or seven years, the
facilities of tonnage granted by German shipping,
especially the Deutsche Levant Line, having helped
greatly in the expansion of the German fuel trade in
these parts. An idea may be formed of the value of the
assistance afforded by citing the fact that during the
recent Balkan war, when coal was considered contraband
of war, and when'British steamers, especially regular
liners, as also Dutch steamers, would not hear of carrying
coal, the Deutsche Levant Line steamers were freely
doing so and further affording the facility of bringing
the fuel in small parcels to different points on the Syrian
Coast.

German coke has a market quite distinct from that
for coal. In several instances it is shipped to some
distant countries that do not purchase any appreciable
quantities of German coal. Thus, in 1913, the Coal
Syndicate smt more coke than coal to Austria-Hungary,
Russia, Sweden, Norway, South America, and Australia.
But nearly half the exports are absorbed by France, the
iron and steel works of the Meurthe-et-Moselle being
situated considerably nearer to the Rhenish-Westphalian
coalfields than to the Pas-de-Calais and Nord basins.
Exports of German coke are shown in the following
table (1,000 tons):—

		&	1	T5 fl o3	oe  .2
	Q	’£ cS	fl		
Year.	fl £	fl 3	•ft	§■$  "	I1	£  QQ	fl fl §
1885		. 349	... . 68 ...	21 ...	47 .	..	42 ...	634
1890		. 428	...	288 ...	56 ...	98 .	..	43 ...	1,075
1&95		. 908	556 ...	346 ... 144 .	..	72 ...	2,293
1900		749	...	656 ...	191 ... 232 .	.. 126 ...	2,229
1901		.	754	...	607 ...	114 ... 186 .	.. 129 ...	2,097
1902		704	...	540 ...	176 ... 188 .	.. 126 ...	2,182
1903		. 917	...	526 ...	237 ... 216 .	.. 146 ...	2,523
1904		. 1,106	...	570 ...	267 ... 221 .	.. 151 ...	2,717
1905		. 1,031	...	622 .:.	248 ... 207 .	.. 158 ...	2,761
1906		. 1,600	...	600 ...	239 ... 220 .	. 180 ...	3,417
1907		. 1,710	...	783 ...	276 ... 214 .	.. 205 ...	3,793
1908		. 1,380	...	957 ...	191 ... 237 .	.. 222 ...	3,579
1909		. 1,387	...	791 ...	185 ... 218 .	.. 251 ...	3,447
1910		. 1,710	...	797 ...	356 ... 247 .	.. 265 ...	4,128
1911		. 1,792	...	798 ...	505 ... 334 .	.. 315 ...	4,560
1912 . ..	. 2,275	...	966 ...	755 ... 432 .	.. 329 ...	5,850
1913.....	. 2,355	... 1,052 ...	937 ... 546 .	.. 364 ...	6,411
German coke, indeed, goes very far afield				—to such pl aces	
as Mexico, Queensland, and South America. Consider-					
able supplies have even been shipped to this country,					
In recent years fair quantities of German coke have					
been delivered at Middlesbrough, Newport and Working-					
ton, but no regular trade			can be said	to have	been
established.		The following table shows the exports of			
German Syndicate coal to Great Britain in the last few					
years:					
	Year.	Coal.	Coke. Briquettes.		
		Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	
	1908	—	132 ...	—	
	1909	—	3,038 ...	—	
	1910	". 14,965	17,917 ...	700	
	18’1	... 16,455	8,700 ...	—	
	1912	... 42,974	28,710 ...	10,301	
	1913	...	9,850	6,135 ...	—	

In 1912, owing to the miners’ strike in Great Britain,
the exports of German fuel increased considerably. In
that year the London gas companies made trials of
German coal, but the general impression created was
that these orders were placed mainly for the purpose of
exerting a lever against the Durham collieries.

The concluding table shows the exports of coal
briquettes from Germany. German shippers offer a
large range of sizes, and the development of this trade
since 1890 has been phenomenal:—

	ns  fl	■-O fl	s	Q O	c3 £  *2 c3	3
Year.		rfl		fl g	I tai tUSt] ung;	
				PR		o o

1,000 tons.

1890....	.. 23	... 54	...	3 ...	5	1	2 ..	93
1895....	.. 74	... 99	—	—	8	—	. 200
1900....	.. 308	... 168	7.‘. 23	9	—	1 27 "	.	550
1901....	. 287	... 178	... 25 ...	17	—	8 ..	. 530
1902....	.. 372	... 228	... 32 ...	17	—	...	24 .	.. 698
1903 ...	.. 429	... 241	... 60 ...	86	—	...	29 ..	.. 895
1904....	.. 465	... 281	... 52 ...	31	—	... 33 .	.. 918
1905....	.. 413	... 292	... 87 ...	29	27	... 34 ..	937
1906....	.. 485	... 269	... 135 ..	42	... 41	... 37 ..	. 1,094
1907....	.. 550	... 322	... 138 ...	67	... 54	... 120 ..	.. 1,302
1908....	.. 549	... 335	... 176 ...	141	... 61	... 151 .	.. 1,493
1909...	.. 588	... 353	... 155 ...	118	.. 129	...	93 ..	. 1,621
1910...	.. 654	... 383	.. 229 ...	203	... 192	... 77 ..	.. 1,988
1911 ...	.. 785	... 435	... 285 ...	352	... 216	... 114 .	.. 2,477
1912...	.. 781	... 521	... 394 ...	424	... 137	... 121	2,747
1913 ...	.. 863	... 587	... 547 ...	384	... 133	... 258 ..	.. 3,164
Wit	hout	prolong	;ing this	ar tic	le too	far, a w<	ord of

caution may fie added as to the future. The present

position of the German coal trade, with regard to export,
appears briefly to be as follows .—Five of her existing
markets remain open, or partially open—viz.. Switzer-
land. Holland, Denmark. Italy, and Austria-Hungary;
in addition, there is the void in North Germany due to
the absence of British competition, and what is. to all
intents and purposes, a new market in Sweden. On the
other hand, she has little prospect of doing business
beyond these limits for some time to come. It must be
admitted that much of Germany's trade in coal on the
outer fringe of her commercial domain has been essen-
tially unsound. The trade has largely been done
at a loss; for the purpose either of rectifying