528 THE COLLIERY GUARDIAN. September 1914. It is stated that with ordinary bituminous coal of this type, of the carbon in the fuel, about 92'25 per cent, is turned into gas, 6*5 per cent, appears in the tar, etc., and 1'25 per cent, is lost in the ashes. Assume that the carbon in the tar is combined or carries with it | of its weight of hydrogen. Per lb. of fuel:— Carbon in gases 0'78 x 0'9225 — 0'72 lb. Hydrogen in tar - ~ x 0'065 x 0'78 — 0'0062 8 Hydrogen combined with oxygen in fuel = 0'0125 8 From statement II. it follows that Carbon in CH4 3 05 Total carbon in gases ~ 3'05 + 510 + 27'3 Carbon in CH4 = x 0'72 = 0 0618 35'45 Hydrogen in CH4 = -1 x 0 0618 = 0'0206 o The available hydrogen per lb. of fuel - 0-0540 — 0-0062 — 0'0125 — 0*0206 = 0 0147. JS 11 -2S 2i -Q’S___________________ K! ■“it Assume that this appears in the gases. Since the volume of CH4 produced is half of the volume of the hydrogen used, then Volume of available hydrogen in fuel Volume of CH4 __2 weight of available H ___x 0'0147 weight of H in CH4___________0’0206 /. Volume of hydrogen in gases representing available hydrogen in fuel = 3 05 x 2 x — 4'36 per cent. U v^vO The hydrogen in the gases resulting from the decomposition of the steam will then be 0'155 — 0'0436 = 01114. Now, when steam is decomposed by hot carbon, we can take the net result as C + H2O = CO + H2 ; the 18 steam used is or 1'5 times the carbon used, and the volumes of CO and H produced are equal.. Therefore, the analysis of the gases may now be represented by:— Available hydrogen from fuel 0’0436. -4.- 4. ( H 01114 Decomposition of steam qq 0T114 fCO2 0'0510 or 0'0726 Combustion with air < CO 0T616 0'2300 ( N 0'4905 0'6974 0'7031 1000 Also the carbon for decomposing steam - X 0 72 = 0-227. 0'3545 Therefore steam used per lb. of fuel = 1'5 X 0'227 = 0'341 lb. The steam supplied was 0'45 lb., therefore ratio _ 0 341 _ n -olF- 0758- The moisture corresponding to ~ in the fuel is 8 supposed to pass over with the gases, and is not taken account of in the ratio. Checking the analysis due to combustion by means of the formula (7) or the chart, it is found to be consistent, the nitrogen being 0'70, as against 0'6974 shown above. In this case there is no free oxygen, and therefore no excess air, and the available hydrogen is assumed to appear as gaseous hydrogen, so that H1 =O. The chart gives the appropriated air per lb. of carbon burned as 7'lo lb., or per lb. of fuel 7*15 (0'72 — 0'0618), i.e., 4 7 lb. If some CO2 is formed by the action of the steam on the carbon, the hydrogen freed is twice the volume of the CO 2 generated, and the steam decomposed is twice what would be required if CO only were produced. Hence, when the hydrogen from the decomposition of steam’(^) is greater than the]CO,3(^present, the amount of u may be obtained as before, and J (n — y) is sub- tracted from the CO2 present. The gases arising from the combustion with air (CO2, O, and N) may then be obtained, checked as before, and the appropriated air calculated or found from the chart. To obtain the amount of steam used, if Cx is the carbon in the gases per lb. of fuel, obtained as before, and if t is the CH4 in the gases, the carbon oxidised to CO is + y +1x c* ■’and t0 c°2 x + y + tx ■ Hence, as before, the amount of steam used is = 1'5 x Cj + 2 x 1-5 x C1 a? + y + £ 1 x + y + t = 1*5 ~rU~......i * C,. ' a? + y + t 1 From some points of view, in the case of a producer, calculations from the weight analysis of the gases are shorter, but the separation of the volume analysis gives a very good idea of the action, aud affords a suitable check. Notice is given that Louis Alfred de Mayo has made application for the restoration of the patent granted to him for an invention entitled “Improvements in Apparatus for Coaling Vessels,” numbered 18509 of 1904, and bearing date August 26, 1904, which expired on August 26, 1910, owing to the non-payment of the prescribed renewal fee. Notice is also given that Amasite Limited have made application for the restoration of the patent granted to Bertram Edward Dunbar Kilburn for an invention com- municated to him by William Rickmers and entitled “Improvements in Explosives,” numbered 10510 of 1907, and bearing date of May 6, 1907, which expired on May 6, 1913, owing to the non-payment of the prescribed renewal fee- TRADE AND THE WAR. The Board of Trade have received a large number of enquiries for names of sellers or buyers of articles, the supply or markets of which have been interfered with by the war. Lists are being prepared and circulated of articles which enquirers desire to purchase or sell. The first lists are ready, and may be obtainable on application to the Commercial Intelligence Department of the Board. An enlarged sample room will be established very shortly for the purpose of exhibiting samples of German and Austrian goods or materials which have competed with British products at home or abroad, especially those which are necessary for the continuance of British manufacture but which it is impossible for them to obtain from previous sources. At Washington, on the 30th ult., the Bill creating a bureau to insure cargoes in American bottoms against war risks was passed by both Houses of Congress, and will be signed by President Wilson. The Board of Trade warns all joint-stock companies and their officers that:—(1.) No dividends or interest declared or becoming due after the outbreak of war should be paid during the war to, or in accordance with, instructions from any person resident in enemy territory. Such dividends or interest should be paid into a separate account at a bank, to be disposed of after the conclusion of the war. (2.) No transfer of any shares or debentures from any person resident in enemy territory should be registered during the war. The council of the Association of Chambers of Commerce have had prepared a Bill for the establishment of a clearing house for German indebtedness. This Bill has been thoroughly discussed by them, and sent to the Treasury and the Board of Trade. The Newcastle-on-Tyne Quayside Advisory Committee states that a sub-committee, consisting of representatives of colliery owners and merchants, has been considering the question of coal contracts, and has now made the following report on the matter :—“ A large number of contracts have been examined, the majority of which stipulate that i in case of war, contracts should be suspended and the deliveries carried forward, and the time for such suspension be added to the date of expiration of contract.’ Some had no war clause, and others had the right to cancel the quantities undelivered, and in two cases the collieries had the right to cancel the contract without notice. It was agreed that no hard and fast rule could be laid down for general adoption, but that a recommendation be put forward by the general committee to the effect that, taking into considera- tion the exceptional conditions brought about by the war, which have inflicted so great hardships on the whole commercial community, all parties concerned should do their utmost to enter into each other’s difficulties and endeavour to introduce into the working of the said contracts as much equity and as little law as the exceptional circumstances demand.” The announcement that Apia, in German Samoa, has surrendered to a New Zealand force, is of special interest in view of the fact that the bay and harbour was used as a coaling station. The chairman of the London Produce Clearing House Limited, Mr. C. S. S. Guthrie has suggested the establish- ment by the Government of a Court to deal promptly with the disputes which have arisen in consequence of the war a,s to the obligations of parties in contracts entered into before the war, but maturing after the declaration of war, and which cannot be carried out owing to the conditions prevailing. The King held a meeting of the Privy Council at Buckingham Palace, on Tuesday, at which a Proclamation was signed extending the period of the moratorium to October 4. Rules and directions under the Courts (Emergency Powers) Act will shortly be issued by the Lord Chancellor. They are being prepared by the Lord Chief Justice of England, aided by Mr. Justice Sargeant and a strong advisory committee. A correspondent in the Tiiwes writes:—Is it not a certainty that the German fleet has at present a large store of South Wales coal, and is there not a German company which possesses collieries in South Wales ? Coal is capital, and cannot be replaced. We are trustees for the future generations of the British race, and they will surely rise up and curse us when they find that we have ruined our Empire by selling to foreigners what we ought to have stored up for those who succeed us. With a view to removing some misapprehensions that have arisen, the committee on Diverted Cargoes has issued the following statement as regards dealing with such cargoes .-—Except in cases of cargo in an enemy ship or cargo in respect of which a question arises of its con- stituting enemy cargo or contraband (whether absolute or conditional contraband) the instructions issued to collectors of Customs provide for their allowing:—(a) Discharge from the ship and delivery out of Customs control of all cargoes consigned to the United Kingdom ; (6) discharge from the ship and delivery out of Customs control of all cargoes in ships diverted from a foreign destination to a port in the United Kingdom, if the owners or their agents prefer to discharge the cargo in the United Kingdom; (c) conveyance to a British, allied or neutral destination of all cargoes which have been brought to a port in the United Kingdom merely for the purpose of being immediately forwarded, in the same or another ship, to a British, allied, or neutral destination. In the House of Commons, on the 25th ult., Mr. Steel Maitland asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether in the case of trade unions and other registered societies approved by the Treasury which paid unemployment and other benefits to their members, he would recommend grants of public money to these benefit funds so as to enable them to meet the extra and abnormal drain caused by the war. The Chancellor of the Exchequer in reply said that under Part II. of the National Insurance Act the State in the case of many trades already contributed towards the cost of unemployment benefits, and there had been an extension of this provision this year. But the whole position as regarded unemployment arising out of the war was already under close observation, and, if necessary, the methods of dealing with unemployment would be extended.