April 3, 1914. THE COLLIERY GUARDIAN. 737 The foreign countries which export coal in excess of the amount they import are G-ermany, the United States, and Japan. Of the divisions of the British Empire included in the tables, the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Union of South Africa, and British India are in the same category. The statement (Table A) gives particulars of the excess of exports over imports in 1911 and 1912 in the various countries. The figures, except those for Australia and South Africa, are inclusive of the quantities of coke and manufactured fuel imported and exported. The decrease in the quantity of coal exported from the United Kingdom in 1912 compared with the quantity in 1911 is almost entirely accounted for by the falling off to the extent of nearly 1 million tons in the bunker coal shipped for use on foreign voyages. The total exports were also less than in 1909, but, excluding bunker coal, 1911 was the only year in which the exports were larger than in 1912, and then by only 265,000 tons. The exports from Germany and from the United States have increased for several years, those from Germany showing an increase of nearly 41 million tons in 1911 over 1910, and of over 6 millions in 1912 compared with 1911. The imports into Germany have gradually decreased since 1907, the net exports in 1912 being nearly 19 million tons in excess of those recorded for 1907. The German exports are principally to Austria- Hungary, Holland, Belgium, and France. Including bunker coal, the United States exports in 1912 were more by nearly million tons than in 1911, when an increase of nearly 4 million tons compared with the previous year was recorded. Up to and including the year 1911, a larger export was recorded from the United Kingdom than the aggregate of the exports from the other countries included in the tables; the figures for certain of these countries, however, do not include the quantities shipped for the use of steam vessels engaged in the foreign trade. In the above table the bunker coal shipped at ports in the United States has been included. Figures of such coal, on the present basis, are, however, available only for 1908 and subsequent years, and it has been excluded from the figures of exported coal throughout the tables in this return. The question of the exports of coal from each country is complicated by the fact that the published returns do not in all cases show the procedure with regard to what is called “ bunker coal.” The figures given for the exports from the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, France, Belgium, and Japan are inclusive of coal shipped for the use of steamers engaged in the foreign trade, while coal shipped for the use of steamers engaged in the coasting or river trade is excluded. In later years, the German coal supplied as bunkers to foreign vessels is included in the exports, while that supplied to German vessels is excluded. The amount recorded as shipped for the use of foreign vessels has been small, amounting to only between 170,000 and 317,000 tons per annum. The particulars for Italy for 1902 and subsequent years include bunker coal supplied to Italian and to foreign vessels. No statement with regard to bunker coal is made in the export returns of British India, the Dominion of Canada, Russia, Sweden, Spain or Austria- Hungary, but as the exports of coal from the three first-mentioned European countries were small, and the quantities shipped by sea from Austria- Hungary were also small, it appears probable that the exports from these four countries are exclu- sive of bunker coal. In the United Kingdom the coal shipped for the use of steamers in the foreign trade amounted in 1910 to 19,525,735 tons, in 1911 to 19,264,189 tons, and in 1912 to 18,291,370 tons. The quantity of such coal shipped at ports in the United States was 6,445,593 tons in 1910, 6,667,338 tons in 1911, and 7,340,100 tons in 1912. The quantities so shipped from Japan in each of the past six years exceeded 2 million tons, but did not reach 2J million tons in any of those years. The imports of coal into Germany in 1912 amounted to 11,347,000 tons, over three-fourths of which were obtained from the United Kingdom. The principal coal-producing foreign countries which imported coa] in excess of the amount they exported in 1912 were Russia, Sweden, France, Belgium, Spain, and Austria-Hungary, Italy depends almost entirely upon imports for her coal supply. Of the divisions of the British Empire included in the tables, Canada and New Zealand had an excess of imports in 1912. The statement (Table B) shows the excess amount of coal imported into the above-mentioned countries in 1911 and 1912, including the quantities of coke and manufactured fuel, except in the particulars for Canada and New Zealand. The imports into all the above countries were larger in 1912 than in 1911, the increases exceeding 1J million tons in Belgium and in Austria-Hungary. In the other Table A. Countries. 1911. 1912. Imports. Exports.* Excess of exports. Imports. Exports.* Excess of exports. 1,000’s of 1,000’s of 1,000’s of 1,000’s of 1,000’s of 1,000’s of tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. United Kingdom 41 87,081 87,010 209 85,843 85,634 Germany 11,907 36,634* 24,727 11,347 42,671* 31,324 United States 1,357 25,623 24,266 1,793 26,847 25,054 Japan 222 5,223 5,001 343 5,757 5,414 Australia 10 3,144 3,134 16 3,823 3,807 South Africa 61 1,360 1,299 67 1,423 1,356 British India 331 874* 543 734 881* 147 * Includes bunker coal; with regard to such coal from G-ermany and British India, see statement below. Table B. Countries. 1911. 1912. Imports. Exports.* Excess of Imports. Imports. Exports.* Excess of imports. 1,000’s of 1,000’s of 1,000’s of 1,000’s of 1,000’s of 1,000’s of tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. Russia 5,816 95 5,721 6,160f 202f 5,958f Sweden 4,430 1 4,429 5,012 — 5,012 Belgium : 8,683 7,240 1,443 9,955 7,194 2,761 France 20,828 1,718 i 19,110 21,286 2,407 18,879 Spain 2,541 6 2,535 2,874 7 2,867 Italy 9,442 40 9,402 9,896 26 9,870 Austria-Hungary 11,902 1,210 10,692 13,327 1,351 11,976 Canada 13,053 1,335 11,718 13,659 1,836 • 11,823 New Zealand 188 224 5o’i 364 230 134 * Bunker coal is included in the exports from Belgium, France, Italy and New Zealand, t Provisional figures. J Excess of exports. Table C. Countries. 1906-10. (Annual average.) 1911. 1912. Coal of native produc- tion. Produce of the United Kingdom. Produce of other countries. Coal of native produc- tion. Produce of the United Kingdom. Produce of other countries. Coal of native produc- tion. Produce of the United Kingdom. Produce of other countries. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. U nited Kingdom... 99’98 0-02 99-98 0-02 99-88 0-12 United States 99’50 o-oi 0-49 99-68 o-oo 0-32 99-61 o-oo 0-39 Germany 90’05 7*79 2-16 90’93 7’07 2’00 91-94 6-29 1-77 France ; 64-41 17’10 18'49 63’47 15-95 20’58 63’69* 15’35* 20-96* Belgium 72-22 7’40 20-38 64-01 7-94 28-05 60-75 6'92 32-33 Provisional figures. countries, except New Zealand, where the exports in some years exceed the imports, the imports in 1912 exceeded those of 1911 by from 300,000 to 600,000 tons. The imports exceeded the exports for the first time in Belgium in 1910, when the excess amounted to 318,000 tons, followed in 1911 by an excess of nearly 1J million tons, and again in 1912 by an excess of 2| million tons ; the change is due to the steady increases in the imports over a long series of years. The consumption of coal in each country has been arrived at by adding the imports to the home produc- tion and deducting the exports. The quantity of coal available for consumption in some of the chief con- suming countries is shown in the following statement, in which the countries are given in the order of impor- tance as coal consumers in 1912:— 1901-5 * 1906-10.* 1911. 1912. 1,000’s of 1,000’s of 1,000’s of 1,000’s of tons. tons. tons. tons. United States 296,526 ... 394,215 ... 425,590 ... 459,488 United Kingdom ... 166,026 ... 178,190 ... 184,852 ... 174,782 Germany 99,695 ... 126,464 ... 131,306 ... 140,741 France 44,962 ... 52,793 ... 57,012 ... 58,624f Russia 21,153 ... 29,045 ... 31,719 ... — Austria-Hungary... 18,327 ... 24,079 ... 26,110 ... — Belgium 19,696 ... 22,810 ... 24,126 ... 25,364 * Annual average. f Provisional figures. The consumption of coal per head of population in the countries included in the preceding table is shown in the following statement, which applies to the years 1901 to 1912 • 1901-5* Tons. 1906-10 * Tons. 1911. Tons. 1912. Tons. United Kingdom ... ... 3-93 . .. 4’04 ... 4’08 ... 3-83 United States ... 3-67 . .. 4-43 ... 4-54 ... 4-82 Belgium ... 2-82 . .. 3 10 ... 3-21 ... 3-35 Germany ... 1-69 . .. 2’00 ... 2’00 ... 212 France ... 1T5 . .. 1-34 ... 1-44 ... l'48t Austria-Hungary... ... 0’39 . .. 0-49 ... 0-52 — Russia ... 0T5 . .. 0-18 ... 0-19 — * Annual average. f Provisional figures. In France and in Germany the consumption per head appears small, but in these countries a large quantity of fuel of other sorts, such as lignite, wood, peat and denatured spirits is also used. A return showing the quantity of coal consumed for locomotive purposes by the railway companies in the United Kingdom has again been obtained. The amount of coal so consumed was 12,636,173 tons in 1912 as compared with 12,821,641 tons in 1911 and 12,472,479 tons in 1910. Similar information is also available in the case of a few other countries, of which the following may be quoted :—Russia in Europe, 5,348,000 tons (1908) ; Russia in Asia, 1,000,000 tons (1908) ; Sweden, (State Railways), 504,000 tons (1911) ; Belgium (State Railways), 1,938,000 tons (1911) ; Prance (excluding coke), 7,763,000 tons (1911) ; Italy, 1,972,000 tons (1911) Egypt (State Railways), 256,000 tons (1911) ; Japan, 1,359,000 tons (1911) ; British India (incomplete, exclu- ding few light railways), 4,255,000 tons (1911). In the United Kingdom about 18 million tons of coal were consumed in 1912 in the production of pig iron, and about 15J million tons were utilised in the produc- tion of gas. Nearly 18J million tons of coke were manufactured at coke ovens and at gasworks in the United Kingdom in 1912. With regard to the British Dominions overseas, the following statement shows the consumption of coal per head of population in the period 1901 to 1912 :— Periods. Australia. z Canada. South Africa. 1,000's of 1,000’s of 1,000’s of 1,000’s of tons. tons. tons. tons. 1901-5 ( Annual < 1’34 ... 1’72 . .. 1-88 .. .Not available. 1906-101 average 1 1’42 ... 2’09 . .. 2-59 .. 0-77 1911 1-65 ... 2-00 . ... 3-03 .. 0’92 1912 .... 1’71 ... 2’23 . .. 3-32 .. 0-95 The statement (Table C) shows the percentage pro- portion of the coal consumed in the period 1906 to 1912 in the principal coal-producing countries, which was of (1) native, (2) United Kingdom or (3) other foreign production. In countries in which, as is the case in Belgium, coal is free of duty on importation, it is possible that some of the coal declared as imported for consumption may have been subsequently exported, and be inseparable in the record from native coal exported. It is worthy of note that the increased imports of coal from the United Kingdom into Germany in the last 10 years have been accompanied by a large increase in the exports of German coal, chiefly to France, Belgium and Austria-Hungary. The imports into France from Belgium were over half-a-million tons less in 1912 than in either of the two preceding years, while the imports from Germany, after the decline of 1908, have expanded rapidly, and reached 7 million tons in 1912, an increase of nearly 3 million tons in three years. Of the consumption of coal in 1911 in the remaining coal-producing foreign countries, the proportions of native coal, of British coal, and of coal the produce of other countries were as follow :— 1911. Coal of Produce Produce native of the of Countries. produc- United other tion. Kingdom. countries. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Russia 81-66 . ... 8-51 . .. 9 83 Sweden 6-46 . ... 87-99 . .. 5’55 Spain 58’61 . .. 39’35 . .. 2-04 Austria-Hungary .... 54’42 . ... 3-30 . .. 42-28* Japan 98’20 . .. 0-24 . .. 1’56 * Chiefly German produce.